Leadership Context With The Bottle Shock Exercise †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Leadership Context With The Bottle Shock Exercise. Answer: Introduction Leaders are those people who are capable of helping themselves and other people into doing the right things. They are the ones who set the right direction, build up an inspiring vision and go on into creating something new. Leadership is all about the mapping out of where one is required to be going for winning as a team or as an organization and at the same time it is exciting, dynamic and inspiring. Even after that, as leaders set the direction, they also require usingmanagement skills for guiding their people in the right destination, in an efficient and smooth way[1]. Leadership is not a one size fits all solution to every problem, nor is it a magic formula that would instantly make anyone a good leader. Instead it is a time taking process that required dedication for learning the way of achieving the goals one set and the way they need inspiration for following the leader and doing the same. Each individual has their own way of doing things, either with the help of rewards, or with providing freedom within the job roles or sharing responsibilities alongside the other employees. Every approach works in a different way for everyone, but every type of leader has developed over time for figuring out their exact style[2]. Discussions regarding leadership in this essay is in context with the Bottle Shock exercise. This exercise asks for individuals to act as they are a part of the person committee and a representative from a department of one manufacturing plant in a large Canadian consumer goods manufacturer. The issue to be faced in this organization as a representative is the recalling of the baby bottles after the US Consumer Product Safety Commission asked for a recall for all the feeding products for infants that have been made out of a specific type of plastic. This would be looking into the situation, analyzing it and then putting it in the context of leadership and responsibility. Discussion Inside the organization, the engineering department is the one taking care of all the things related to product concept specification or the different prototypes from the marketing department and the development of an engineering design which could be manufactured with the help of equipment and production lines inside the plant. The department also takes care of the design modification of the products and the production lines at different times within the lifecycle of the product. As there has been no engineering problems which has turned out unsolvable on time by the department, it has been a matter to be proud and confident about. Reviewing the research on the product recall and determining if at all the product is unsafe. In doing so it was found that the recall was just based on one single study of the general properties of the bottles and the plastic used for it, and that the harmful health effects were very minute and much lower than the previous thresholds for human use. There is no need for the recall. With the help of further research it was found that another study has shown that there are no adverse effects found in infants from their exposure to the bottles and the plastic used in it. Based on these findings and the science involved it can be easily believed that the recall was unnecessary. Instead of that exporting can be a good idea, as the research has shown that the bottles are safe for use by humans and that implies that the worldwide market is open for the bottles to be sold out. Taking time out now for redesigning the existing products would be hard for fitting into the project schedule the staff needs to be well organized and the project schedule would be filled completely for more than 120 days. The estimation has been done on redesigning the products and production line for using a different plastic that would require taking approximately 2 months. Alternately, starting on redesigning immediately would be posing different kind of a problem - beginning with something fresh at this time would be delaying the other projects that have already seen approval and received their schedule. There have been attempts in the past made for making the department heads from Marketing and Production ready for assisting in the prioritization of what is needed to be done. Schedules for engineering are difficult to make and if it is once made then it needs to be followed for efficient running of the plant. From an ethical perspective the work of the engineering team is m to be proud of and it is evident that there are responsibilities for both the company and the consumer health and safety. The senior leadership team were open for any other options if needed and suggested, provided they are realistic. The only condition on the suggestions are that the solutions must be ready for operation implementation as soon as possible due to the fact that the product recalling is scheduled for immediate start. In every organization, leadership is a critical aspect. Workers of every organization are looking for someone they can look up to, someone they can learn from and thrive with. Each leader has their own specific style and strategy. Moreover, leadership styles and methods differ due to external influences and individual challenges. Even though leadership is special for everyone, there are some common methods of defining the term[3]. Leadership is the embodiment of decisiveness, focus, awareness, accountability, confidence, empathy, honesty, optimism and inspiration. Leaders are not present for simply ordering their workers around. Even though they are responsible for overseeing their team, a real leader is always up for taking initiative and trusting their employees for performing efficiently and independently. If the company has any positive culture they the employees get more motivation and confidence for doing their job. Leaders are the person responsible for setting the tone for bo th the team they are overseeing and the organization as a whole. It is the responsibility of the leaders for establishing goals, innovating, motivating and trusting. A compassionate and passionate leader has the capability of energizing the company[4]. Good leaders are always looking for their whole company to succeed, involving everyone. They take time understanding each worker so that they can provide them with help for achieving their personal goals that are aligned with those of the organization. A good leader puts the people around in a situation that prepares them for success. A good leader holds their emption in check in tough situations and guides the team during challenging times, encouraging them towards remaining positive all along the way. Team morale is largely contingent on the attitude of the leaders. Leadership has the capability of seeing the problem and giving the solution. Leaders cannot and must not be alone. Leaders must ask for developing more leaders from the get-go. Great leaders also recruit and motivate other great leaders, whom they rely on for carrying out the mission and instilling a sense of purpose that would be touching every staff member. Leaders build their employees for becoming as successful as they are[5]. Being a bad leader is an easy job, and history has provided many instances of this. In the Bottle Shock exercise, there has been a need of a good leader. What the exercise got was not what can be considered as the appropriate leadership approach for the situation. The exercise received an unresponsive leader, someone who faced issues getting connected emotionally. Disregard was present in the context of the needs or the requests of those around them as that being trivial or unimportant. There was a lack of strong leadership, lack of strong leaders who would be taking up the responsibility for their defense and actions with regards to the situation around them. There was present only the blame game and evasion of responsibilities[6]. Gaining morale from the team became a tough job. Change was not welcomed always, as risk adverse nature of people made them avoid any form of change that are required for the developments to take place and for the advancement to happen. There was focus on ly on those ideas that backed up the perspectives that are detrimental to the growth of the organization but beneficial for individual development. Differing opinions got disregarded and no engagement was seen with the person who is speaking up. Inconsistent behavior was seen from the side of the leader, who were able to swiftly convince people that they are not reliable or capable enough at the mouth of the project starting. It left team baffled and confused, which in turn raised the probability of expensive and time consuming errors and missed connections. There was no presence of acknowledgement or appreciation of the team, even if there was good performance. The teams received no push for achieving more and no recognition was meted out if something good happens. It led to the people refusing to not work outside their comfort zone and they had no motivation of wishing to do so in future also. There was failure noticed in informing others of the decisions that were being made. No clarification was provided on important things that were related with important people and it was difficult to understand situations[7]. Leaders are required in organizations for guiding or saying things what other cannot say or do. Leaders are not any different than others. But leadership is an attitude. Each person has a different mindset and different personality traits. At times, there has been instances where the subordinates have outshined the leader and then got elected as the leader, all because of the attitude. There is a need for being in the front, being daring and willing to face it as it comes[8]. What was required in the Bottle Shock exercise is a leader who digs out the hidden potential out of his team members. A real leader tries to bring out the best in the people working under and motivate them into expanding their abilities and keep improving them. It is the work of the leader to inflate the shy people with huge confidence and get their due reverence and acknowledgement in the organization and the society. Leaders must have delivered the mighty power of making decisions more confidently. The leaders in this situation must have proactively looked for replacements, chosen their successors wisely for carrying out their responsibilities responsibly[9]. Failure in Bottle Shock can only arise if there is failure in this, with the result coming out as struggle and vanishing for the organization. A good leader would have loved to see the subordinates grow. Some of the managers are always scared of their outstanding team members. There is the notion that the smarter team member would anytime overtake them and go up the ladder. This fear led them into undermining the real performers. They forgot that if the subordinates grow then they would grow as well. The real leader should have nurtured their team member as their own. There was a need of providing appreciation when expectations were exceeded. They should not have missed any opportunity of encouraging such bright team members and also should have recognized them in front of everyone. There is a need of leaders who would help everyone grow, both personally and professionally. Leaders need to work hard for earning the respect and get recognized. There is a need of great leaders in this world. The most important fact is that even leaders look for leaders[10]. A business manager or leader is burdened with a lot of responsibilities, which includes legal ones and moral ones both. Moral responsibility might be distinct, implying each worker in the company is responsible for doing the right things, or fulfilling communal responsibilities, which involves all the employees. The culture of a company most of the time dictates the significance of moral responsibilities inside the organization[11]. No questions can be raised regarding the current scenario, which has prompted several companies into tackling ethical issues. More and more people are into setting of moral values as a significant part of their corporate culture. Some of the most forward looking companies have started offering ethics trainings to their employees and managers. Companywide ethics awareness is a great thing, and the moral center of every organist ion is lying within their leaders[12]. These leaders are and is always required to be held at a higher standards of ethics and mor ality, which was not seen in case of Bottle Shock. Business ethics today is a significant part of doing business all over the world. The society today has come not just to be expecting, but also to demanding that every business is conducting themselves in accordance with the basic rules of ethics, integrity and honesty[13]. Business ethics, not just as an academic topic but also as a growing topic of actual practices, is not just the new trend, but is something that is developing and has come a long way since the publicizing of price-fixing and many other corporate scandals in the late 1960s and 1970s. The recent scandals have been able to serve to a the reinforcement of a widespread perception that usual business is no longer enough for attending to the financial bottom line. The topic of leadership is linked closely to ethics, with the involvement of linked values for human behaviors for the accomplishment of objectives and mission. It has been for long that business leaders have recognized their major role in the promotion of ethi cal conduct in their businesses[14]. Conclusion Leaders are those people who are capable of helping themselves and other people into doing the right things. Leadership is all about the mapping out of where one is required to be going for winning as a team or as an organization and at the same time it is exciting, dynamic and inspiring. Leadership is not a one size fits all solution to every problem, nor is it a magic formula that would instantly make anyone a good leader. Instead it is a time taking process that required dedication for learning the way of achieving the goals one set and the way they need inspiration for following the leader and doing the same. Each individual has their own way of doing things, either with the help of rewards, or with providing freedom within the job roles or sharing responsibilities alongside the other employees. Discussions regarding leadership in this essay is in context with the Bottle Shock exercise. This exercise asked for individuals to act as they are a part of the person committee and a re presentative from a department of one manufacturing plant in a large Canadian consumer goods manufacturer. This was looked into the situation, analyzing it and then putting it in the context of leadership and responsibility. References Amabile, T., Kramer, S. (2012). How leaders kill meaning at work.McKinsey Quarterly,1(2012), 124-131. Brown, R. C. (2013). Moral responsibility for (un) healthy behaviour.Journal of Medical Ethics, medethics-2012. Crane, A., Matten, D. (2016).Business ethics: Managing corporate citizenship and sustainability in the age of globalization. Oxford University Press. DesJardins, J. R., McCall, J. J. (2014).Contemporary issues in business ethics. Cengage Learning. Du, S., Swaen, V., Lindgreen, A., Sen, S. (2013). The roles of leadership styles in corporate social responsibility.Journal of business ethics,114(1), 155-169. Groysberg, B., Slind, M. (2012). Leadership is a conversation.Harvard business review,90(6), 76-84. Hanson, B. (2013). The leadership development interface: Aligning leaders and organizations toward more effective leadership learning.Advances in Developing Human Resources,15(1), 106-120. Hartman, L. P., DesJardins, J. R., MacDonald, C. (2014).Business ethics: Decision making for personal integrity and social responsibility. New York: McGraw-Hill. Hoffman, W. M., Frederick, R. E., Schwartz, M. S. (Eds.). (2014).Business ethics: Readings and cases in corporate morality. John Wiley Sons. Jennings, M. M. (2014).Business ethics: Case studies and selected readings. Cengage Learning. Kim, T. Y., Kim, M. (2013). Leaders moral competence and employee outcomes: The effects of psychological empowerment and personsupervisor fit.Journal of business ethics,112(1), 155-166. Kramer, R. M., Pittinsky, T. L. (Eds.). (2012).Restoring trust in organizations and leaders: Enduring challenges and emerging answers. OUP USA. Nixon, P., Harrington, M., Parker, D. (2012). Leadership performance is significant to project success or failure: a critical analysis.International Journal of productivity and performance management,61(2), 204-216. Northouse, P. G. (2015).Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications. Schyns, B., Schilling, J. (2013). How bad are the effects of bad leaders? A meta-analysis of destructive leadership and its outcomes.The Leadership Quarterly,24(1), 138-158. Stanwick, P., Stanwick, S. (2013).Understanding business ethics. Sage. Thorn, I. M. (2012). Leadership in international organizations: Global leadership competencies.The Psychologist-Manager Journal,15(3), 158. Trevino, L. K., Nelson, K. A. (2016).Managing business ethics: Straight talk about how to do it right. John Wiley Sons. Weiss, J. W. (2014).Business ethics: A stakeholder and issuesmanagement approach. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Western, S. (2013).Leadership: A critical text. Sage.

Introduction to Hospitality and Tourism

Question: Discuss about theIntroduction to Hospitality and Tourism. Answer: Introduction The tourism industry of Australia is one of the inevitable parts of the Australian business. The hospitality industry is another sector that comes under the tourism department and this covers up the major part of the tourism industry which includes the lodging, event planning, transportation, cruise line and many more additional fields that avail leisure time to the population. The hospitality sector of tourism department also includes the restaurant, amusement park, hotels along with the provision of super facility of maintenance and operations to the customers (Altinay, Paraskevas Jang, 2015). Moreover it is evident that the tourism department of Australia adds up some emphasis to its economy which helps in increasing the GDP of Australia. The department of tourism also gives its 8% contribution to the total export earnings of Australia. That is the reason the report is prepared which contains the details of hospitality and tourism industry of Australia. Along with that the essay represents the valuation of the importance and the challenges of tourism department of Australia faces (Buhalis Crotts, 2013). Australian Tourism Department The tourism department of Australia is the major part that adds to its economical that eventually increases its GDP with every growing year. In between that the domestic tourism is more popular in Australia which also represents 73% of the total GDP of Australian direct tourism. Also, the Australian tourism department helps in enhancing the employment of the country by providing employment to the 5% of the workforce of the Australian population. Some of the popular destinations for tourism in Australia are Brisbane, Sydney, Queensland, the Gold Coast, Melbourne, the Great Barrier Reef and the Australian outback. Apart from that the wildlife of Australia also adds on to its tourism department (Brotherton, 2015). The Australian tourism department is of international, backpackers and the domestic types that involve the visit of different types of customers to different tourist places of Australia. Out of these most important is the domestic tourism whose market is mostly estimated to be of $63 billion. It is because the domestic tourism includes the facilities for all type of customers. Apart from that the international tourism is mostly famous just because the wild life of Australia and its native animals. Linking to development of tourism in Australia the Australian tourism department formulated a core message saying There is nothing like Australia by which they aim towards the sharing of the favourite place of Australia with all corners of the world. Importance The major importance of tourism industry is it contributes to the growth of the Australian economy. Its importance gets contributed mainly from the domestic tourism that provides 73% of the total direct tourism. One of the major factors is it provides employment to almost 580,000 people in Australia which are of major importance. Apart from the full time, there is also the availability of part-time job that gives employment to 43.7% of people in Australia. On the whole, the department of tourism contributes 8% of the total earnings of the Australias export quantity (Mok, Sparks Kadampully, 2013). The tourism department mostly creates the generation of jobs within the country which eventually benefits the growth in the communities throughout Australia. The department of tourism in Australia can be said to be major importance because it is the key strength just because it is appealing to the natural assets of the Australian environment. Apart from that the tourism department of Austra lia have the provision of low cost of airlines to the customers. It has of greater importance just because it goes through a keen understanding of needs and demands of the customers which also drives the consumer segments that increases the investment for the tourism industry. Challenges Though having many places that can attract the customers to visit the places, still it needs some development in its infrastructure by revamping the hotels along with boosting the service standards. Apart from the few cities like the Sydney, Brisbane, and Melbourne, the other places of tourist importance in Australia are mostly regional areas. The tourist places including the wildlife are also the regional portion of Australia which is mostly facing various threats to the population. During the management of tourism in Australia, these are the places which come across through the challenges which could be geared up to make the developments for the improvisation of tourism department in Australia (Mok, Sparks Kadampully, 2013). The challenges that the Australian tourism department face are the flexibility in its services along with the options for more availability of food and beverages in the tourist places. Apart from that, it is important to make the tourist websites must be digit alised for the easy delivery of the services. Also, the content part of the tourism department must be taken care of as it is the source of attraction of the people from where they can get attracted. This will eventually provide the idea of traveling to the tourists. That is the reason it is mandatory to have the knowledge regarding the destination of tourism which is lacking a bit in this condition. The major challenge that the Australian tourism department faces is taking the tourism department in a serious mood to make it high priority in making its service delivery to the customers. The other factors that are hampering the popularity are the shortage of the workers and rooms which also in some instances affecting the statistics of tourism department of Australia. Conclusion The tourism department of Australia are the sector that adds the heavy economy increase to the financial condition of the country. It is also evident that though contributing towards the growth of economy still, it is facing many challenges for its growth due to some inevitable crucial parts. If these challenges are treated well and improvised then the Australian economy will face a huge growth in its economy which will be helpful for the countrys growth as well. Also if the all the government that includes the Austrade and the state and territory investment agencies which will eventually provide a strategic and long term approach for the development of the tourism department of Australia. References Altinay, L., Paraskevas, A. and Jang, S.S., 2015.Planning research in hospitality and tourism.Routledge. Buhalis, D. and Crotts, J., 2013.Global alliances in tourism and hospitality management.Routledge. Brotherton, B., 2015.Researching hospitality and tourism.Sage. Mok, C., Sparks, B. and Kadampully, J., 2013.Service quality management in hospitality, tourism, and leisure.Routledge. Law, R., Buhalis, D. and Cobanoglu, C., 2014. Progress on information and communication technologies in hospitality and tourism.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,26(5), pp.727-750. Riley, M., 2014.Human resource management in the hospitality and tourism industry.Routledge.

The Privatization or Commodification of Water

Introduction For a long time, ethics has been seen as the study of what comprises good and bad conduct which includes the values that influence the conduct. Generally, contemporary culture has given humans unprecedented liberty and prosperity which has necessitated the growth of the concept of ethics.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Privatization or Commodification of Water specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Business ethics on the other hand has existed in the form of reflection on the ethical dimensions of business exchanges and institutions whereby the concept has been understood in two distinctive ways, where one group views it from the background of philosophy while the other group views it from the background of business community (Brenkert and Beauchamp 3). These two approaches are not exclusive, but the philosophical approach appears to be the broader of the two. In all cases, it becomes importa nt to appreciate the fact that moral problems and the process of analyzing them invites different forms of useful analysis. Water forms an essential commodity that ensures continuity of life, though for a long time no systematic way has been elaborated in appreciating its value (Brown and Schmidt 3). For long, people have regarded water as a renewable commodity that has potential to develop without limit. With the larger society utilizing water in different ways such as irrigation, energy and burgeoning urban centers, the reality is now clearer that like just other renewable commodities, water is a finite resource. However, providing answers to modern water problems requires giving answers to questions of value: how should society capture, store or distribute water; at what cost; for whom; and for how long (Brown and Schmidt 4). All these questions are regarded as ethical because just like any other essential resource, determining a fair and just distribution of water has direct eff ects on human and nonhuman lives and also the systems that sustain them. Commodification of water Borgmann argues that the driving force of the contemporary society is the aspect of commodification which is described as, that vital structure of modern society of the market which conveys a sense of moral censure (Borgmann 143). The author, in reference to Viviana Zelizer, states that, â€Å"economic prophets have frequently warned us against global commodification and the loss of the moral-emotional fiber it brings† (Borgmann 144). Using the Marx’s concept of commodification, Borgmann first sees the concept to possess the verb to commodify, which to him is â€Å"to draw something from outside the market into the market so that it becomes available for sale and purchase† (Borgmann 144).Advertising Looking for research paper on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Marx looked at the various ways in which capitalism perceived the production of things such as wheat, shoes and clothing out of the hands and circumstances of the farmers, artisan and householders, stripped them of their context of skills and persons, of exchanges and uses and made them into commodities (goods) whose importance was reduced to their price. Moreover, Marx became critical of how labor was being converted into something that could be purchased and sold under conditions that only favored the capitalists and made the workers beggars (Borgmann 144); thus, commodification became purely and totally exploitation. The contemporary discussions continue to see the concept of commodification as contested. In such discussions, the broader agreement has remained that, certain goods such as justice should never be for sale (Borgmann 145). But other goods have continued to draw divided opinions. For a long time, goods at issue in this discussion have generally constituted those in Michael Walzer’s list of items which are subject to ‘blocked exchanges’: 1) Human beings; 2) political power and influence; 3) criminal justice; 4) freedom of speech, press, religion, assembly; 5) marriage and procreation; 6) the right to leave the political community; 7) exemptions from military service, from jury duty, and from any other form of communally imposed work; 8) political offices; 9) basic welfare services like police protection or primary and secondary schooling; 10) desperate exchanges; 11) prizes and honors of many sorts; 12) divine grace; 13) love and friendship; and 14) a long series of criminal sales (Borgmann p.145). The above list can be complete if addition of certain public goods is made. These public goods are; clean air and clean water, safety from crime, basic health care and public lands. The main argument in disfavor of commodification of public goods is that commodification may leads to social injustice, for instance, if education is totally commodified, the chil dren of the poor will get no education or for them, inferior education will be enough (Borgmann p.145). Commodification of water: Public vs. Private debate There exist two debates that continue to dominate the lives of many people concerning the issue of water. For instance, there are arguments whether water services should remain public or go private. One of the arguments â€Å"is concerned with practical issues of efficiency and economics, and the other is about principle† (Snitow, Kaufman and Fox p.10). Privatizing water in a country like USA has been a hard venture to undertake. Those opposed to such move include personalities such as Barlow of the Council of Canadians and Tony Clarke of Canada’s Polaris Institute (Snitow, Kaufman and Fox 10). The two have opposed the move to privatize water in principle and they are convinced that private companies should only get involved in narrow areas of infrastructure development but not allowed to have ownership, control or delivery of the basic service.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Privatization or Commodification of Water specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To them, the process or actions of commodifying water is generally wrong in terms of ethics, environmental and social (Snitow, Kaufman and Fox p.10). They are on the view that the process will, â€Å"insure that decisions regarding the allocation of water would center on commercial, not environmental or social justice considerations; privatization means that management of water resources is based on principles of scarcity and profit maximization rather than long-term sustainability† (Snitow, Kaufman and Fox 10). Contrary to this position, there is a divergent view which has been adopted by Peter Cook of the National Association of Water Companies who is convinced that if market principles are applicable to other products in the market, then water as a commo dity cannot be exceptional. Cook sees nothing wrong or unethical in making profits from water since the money which has been pumped into the business by the investors is used to benefit customers and provide them with services. Cook sums up his position by quoting the bible by stating that, the bible and especially the Ten Commandments have no provision that prohibits people from making profits, and utilities need to be operated as enterprises (Snitow, Kaufman and Fox pp.10-11). To this extent, â€Å"the practical debate over who can provide water better focuses on the issues of transparency, efficiency, rates, and sustainability† (Snitow, Kaufman and Fox pp.11).. Indeed, most of these values are possible in public controlled enterprises but far more difficult in private owned enterprises or corporations. Ethical dilemma The essence of water being a commodity that sustains life has drawn conflicting debates and reactions on whether it is ethical to commodify and therefore sub ject it to market competition principles. This particular confusion has been precipitated by the actions of United Nations to declare that water is a human right that should be accessible to everyone. The question that arises is; are their moral consequences that arise as a result of commodifying water and hence its availability and accessibility largely become determined by market mechanisms? Ethical lapse In most cases, ethical lapse can be categorized into three groups: deception, stealing and harming (Howard and Korver 13). There exists many variants to these but the mentioned three have come out as the most wrongdoings which people commit.Advertising Looking for research paper on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Lying has been described in many ways that include: doctor, cover up, overstate, understate, misinform, misguide or stretch the truth (Howard and Korver p.14). additionally, the act of lying has psychological costs, for example, when individuals lie there is always a clash between their values and who they are; lying also creates barriers in relationships and soils self-image of an individual (Howard and Korver p.15). Moral reasoning The contemporary society is faced with a situation where people are facing dilemma on various ethical decisions and as a result there have been numerous methods of moral reasoning. Moral reasoning has taken center stage in various social issues as people continue to debate on what is right and what is wrong or what ought to be or not be done. In most cases many people are convinced that it is not necessary the principles which determine what is right or wrong, but the consequences produced by the actions in question (Rae p.81). When a particular course of action or decision produces the best set of consequences, then to majority such actions need to be allowed and accepted. In other words the action(s) that produces the greatest balance of benefits over harms is the one that is considered as the most moral. Generally actions considered right or wrong (morality) should depend on the situation and also on what the cultural consensus of right and wrong is at that time. In the case of commodifying water, if the society and hence culture reaches consensus that water commodification is wrong then it would be morally wrong to commodify or privatize water. Ethical approaches Utilitarianism ethics Utilitarianism ethics postulate that morality of an act is determined by the end result. From this observation, utilitarianism conviction is that the moral choice is the one that produces the greatest good for the greatest number of people or at the same time the moral choice is the course of action that produces more good consequences than harmf ul ones. Utilitarianism sometimes is regarded as consequentialism ethics due to its emphasis on the consequences of an action. Jeremy Bentham, one of the philosophers credited to utilitarianism believed in hedonistic utilitarianism which postulates that â€Å"the most moral acts are those that maximize pleasure and minimize pain† (Rae p.85). On the other hand John Mill, another believer of utilitarianism ethics established his approach which differed from that of Bentham which was general concept of maximizing the general happiness, or what he termed as the greatest good for the greatest number. Hence ethics can be seen as the art of directing the actions of people so as to bring about the greatest possible happiness to all those who are concerned with these actions. As a result, Bentham observed that the interests of the community are simply the sum of the interests of its members. In sum the utilitarianism principle hold that, â€Å"an action is right from an ethical point of view if and only if the sum total of utilities produced by that act is greater than the sum total of utilities produced by any other act the agent could have performed in its place† (Fernando p.34). Water commodification can be analyzed within the precepts of utilitarianism ethics where business principles can take a backseat to consequences, if on balance, commodification of water provides more beneficial consequences for more people then utilitarianism ethics consider it to be the most moral choice. Evaluation of actions needs to be made on the basis of benefits or harms the action(s) will bring upon human beings. The morality of the theory is that, individual or an organization performing particular actions need to impartially take into account interests of everyone on equal basis. Kantian ethics Kant was convinced that morality should be derived from recognition that people share a common human condition and what makes humans valuable and special is their ability to re ason and that moral rules based on reason should govern human behavior. To Kant moral rules need to be based on tradition, intuition, desire, conscience, emotion and sympathy and that free will among humans comes from their ability to reason and prompts them to develop rules for moral behavior which in turn can be applicable universally disregarding utilitarianism consequences. The moral rules established needs to recognize the fact that all people have a certain human dignity and therefore they should be accorded respect as autonomous beings (Fernando p.35). According to Kant moral ethics, an action is only moral for an individual in a certain situation if, and only if, the individual’s reason for carrying out the action is one that he or she would be willing to have every person act on in any similar situation. At the same time moral worth would not be attached to an action motivated singularly to promote individual interests or for pleasure and that if an action is wrong f or other people, it is wrong for any one person. For Kant an action is regarded morally worth if it reflects a good will and it is only when individuals act from duty that their actions are regarded to be moral worth. As a result Kant believes that ethics should be grounded in reason alone and not on human nature (Fernando p.35). Ethicality in commodifying water On November 27 2002, United Nation declared water to be a human right for the first time and went a head to require states to adopt key legal mechanisms that would ensure this fundamental right is achieved (Sierra Club par. 1). From UN observation, the conviction was that privatizing water could not be achieved since it is impossible to marry the profit motive of a private enterprise and the necessity and importance of a commodity like water which many people require in order to survive (utilitarianism). The conclusion is that the issue of rendering water as a private thing should be done away from the market place since wat er belongs to earth, to all species, to the future generation and in this regard no one has the right to commodify water for personal (deontological) or corporate gain (Sierra Club par. 1). On advancing this claim, the Cochabamba Declaration of December 8, 2000, which brought together interested parties aimed at ensuring the privatization of water, was not achieved (welfare concern). To cement and solidify their claim the group came up with key points to be observed which turned out to constitute the Cochabamba Declaration (Sierra Club par. 4). To the group access to water is the fundamental right of every human and all humans are required to respect nature as they use water given by the earth. The three main points formulated were: Water was described to belong to the earth and also to all species of the world and that water need to be regarded as sacred to life, and from this view the water of the world needs to be conserved, reclaimed and put under adequate protection in order t o ensure the future generation is safe; Water was described as fundamental human right and also as a public trust that needs to be guarded by all structures of the government and as a result it should not be commodified, privatized or commercially traded; lastly Water can be best protected by local communities and people and who must be given equal respect as partners of various governments in the process of protecting and regulating water (Sierra Club par. 5). Conclusion Water ethic has developed in many societies as a result of continued efforts by enterprises and corporation to commodifying water. As a result, in most societies specifically the developed ones, water ethics commodification and privatization with marginalized access to water continue to raise key questions such as: Can water be sustainably managed while the global financial institutions and transnational corporations possess the means to do so? How can the empowerment of public and rights of people over water be r estored? How can global skills, capital and user practices are reconciled with the need and desire for control over water of local people? Such questions give an impression of how fundamental ethics has become essential in addressing the issue of water commodification. Ethical reasoning in regards to water will ensure proper, efficient and sustainable use of water despite its scarcity in nature. Works Cited Borgmann, Albert. Real American ethics: taking responsibility for our country. IL, University of Chicago Press. 2006. 16 August 2010. https://books.google.com/books?id=fJJccik-SRECpg=PA145dq=Ethics+of+commodification+of+waterhl=enei=zQZpTPagL5H34gb75pyZBAsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=3ved=0CDIQ6AEwAg#v=onepageq=Ethics%20of%20commodification%20of%20waterf=false. Brenkert, George G. and Beauchamp, Tom L. The Oxford Handbook of Business Ethics. NY, Oxford University Press US. 2009. 16 August 2010. https://books.google.com/books?id=Qn1BDj7SRUsCpg=PA78dq=Ethics+of+commodification+ of+waterhl=enei=GvJoTPmcB4aS4gb6npCZBAsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=9ved=0CFkQ6AEwCA#v=onepageqf=false. Brown, Peter G. and Schmidt, Jeremy J. Water Ethics: Foundational Readings for Students and Professionals. NW, Island Press. 2010. 16 August 2010. https://books.google.com/books?id=fwFXY-vAwNsCpg=PA161dq=Ethics+of+commodification+of+waterhl=enei=GvJoTPmcB4aS4gb6npCZBAsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=4ved=0CDgQ6AEwAw#v=onepageqf=false. Fernando, A. C. Business Ethics: An Indian Perspective. New Delhi, Pearson Education India, 2009. 16 August 2010. https://books.google.com/books?id=A-k_uWkGCEUCpg=PA35dq=business+ethics+theorieshl=enei=Od1rTLK0EcHT4wa4ncDkAgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=3ved=0CDYQ6AEwAg#v=onepageq=business%20ethics%20theoriesf=false. Howard, Ronald A. and Korver, Clinton D. Ethics for the real world: creating a personal code to guide decisions in work and life. MA, Harvard Business Press. 2008. 16 August 2010. https://books.google.com/books?id=OqnrtQFfXb0Cpr intsec=frontcoverdq=Ethics+for+the+Real+World.hl=enei=RBtqTKP8LZCl4Qan5OCaAQsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=1ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA#v=onepageqf=false. Rae, Scott B. Moral Choices: An Introduction to Ethics. MI, Zondervan, 2000. 16 August 2010. https://books.google.com/books?id=n55iiynlwmMCpg=PA77dq=moral+reasoninghl=enei=1sVrTN_nHMKk4Qb9kJz3Agsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=8ved=0CFMQ6AEwBw#v=onepageq=moral%20reasoningf=false. Sierra Club. Corporate Water Privatization: Water is a Human Right not a Commodity. 2008. 16 August 2010. http://www.sierraclub.org/committees/cac/water/human_right/. Snitow, Allan, Kaufman, Deborah and Fox, Michael. Thirst: fighting the corporate theft of our water. CA, John Wiley and Sons. 2007. 16 August 2010.https://books.google.com/books?id=wyW30HVewtACpg=PA10dq=Ethics+of+commodification+of+waterhl=enei=tiNpTMXOIuTT4waqqZiZBAsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=2ved=0CC0Q6AEwATgK#v=onepageq=Ethics%20of%20commodification%20of%20waterf=false. This research paper on The Privatization or Commodification of Water was written and submitted by user Londyn F. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

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The Dream essays It was late December, the drifts were piling up in collusion against the rails of the porch. Little could be discerned above the sound of the wind, wrapping itself around the northeast corner of the house. Restless, it continued to bully what remained of the brittle branches of last summers honeysuckle, a loose shutter, and my grandmothers wind chimes. In the midst of this late afternoon concert, the sun was descending unnoticed toward its mountain crypt. Already the sky was filtering the light with its angular sieve suggesting the beginnings of the golden hour. Soon it would lend itself to blazing oranges and finally a pastel pink adieu. In that moment of silence, when the wind stops to take an in breath, I stirred. As I rallied myself from the daybed, throwing my coverlet aside, I grabbed the poker in hopes of being able to stir up the starving fire a little longer before an inevitable trip to the mud room. Arming myself with boots, gloves, and coat, I would soon enough be staggering out toward a chaotic woodpile in order to replenish the famished fire. My thoughts were still troubled. Clouded and confused. The images, rich with texture, numinous with meaning, affronting my conscious sensibilities. Between worlds, as if stepping on the edge of a great secret, I found the strength to twist an aberrant piece of wood back on itself to re-inspire the licking heat out of tired smoking embers. How long had I been sleeping? Years.... or minutes? The sounds of branches against glass beckoned my attention outward. The wisp of her hand, still reaching out to me.... the color of the garden hose, surrealistic in its green undulating wetness..... and the receding scent of roses..... I knew it would be a mistake to surrender to my impulses now. The warmth I had managed to coax out of the fireplace would not last long. I gathered up my sweater and moved toward the boots in the anteroom, having accepted my fa...

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Consumers' Attitude towards a role of Celebrity, Endorsements in Advertising - Article Example Its significance can be seen in the fact that in the UK alone, companies spent almost 19.4 billion in 2007 on advertising (UK Advertising Statistics, 2008). Furthermore, the total advertising expenditure in the US for the same year was a whopping $279.6 billion (U.S. Annual Advertising Spending Since 1919, 2008). Also in the UK, the advertising industry provides almost thirteen thousand jobs, which shows how it has helped the British economy (Whyte, n.d.). This is because capitalism has engendered an emphasis on consumerism wherein economies rely mostly on consumption expenditure (Busler, 2002). For instance, consumption expenditure accounted for an estimated 68% of US GDP (Busler, 2002). Consequently, companies have to rely on—aside from product and service quality and other strategies needed to produce what consumers will buy—advertising in order to attract consumers (Busler, 2002). Hence, based on these facts, it cannot be denied that advertising plays a major role in today’s cutthroat world of business. The competition is so fierce that a supermarket in the US is known to carry an estimated twelve thousand brands in their store—and that is just a supermarket, it does not even include department stores and other industries where brand names are important (Kulkarni and Gaulkar, 2005). Because of this, numerous advertising strategies—where the avenues used are the different types of media: TV, film, print and radio—have been developed throughout the years to make sure that the billions spent on it is worthwhile. Moreover, because of the proven significance of advertising to various businesses, whether big or small, innumerable studies have been conducted in order to ascertain its effects on consumer behavior and attitudes—as the end goal of advertising is, of course, to sell products and increase revenues for companies. Due to the vast range of resources on advertising principles and its impacts on

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